The scholars hold different opinions on the number of those who were with Noah on the ship. 1 Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth: and unto them were sons born after the flood. The sons of Noah are to be executed by decapitation for most crimes, considered one of the lightest capital punishments, by stoning if he has intercourse with a Jewish betrothed woman, or by strangulation if the Jewish woman has completed the marriage ceremonies, but … This designation, while perhaps generally correct,[dubious – discuss] can also be misleading, since some of Shem's posterity[who?] Japheth was Noah’s oldest son, born when Noah was 500 years old; Shem was born second, when Noah was 503 years old; Ham was was Noah’s youngest son Bible scholars debate over who was the oldest, middle, and youngest of Noah's sons. (Ham is the father of Canaan.) Descendants of Shem and Japheth might be allies, but Ham's people, such as the Egyptians and Philistines, became enemies of the Shemites. Japheth means "may he have space" or "may God enlarge." After the flood, Noah's sons and their wives and offspring repopulated the earth. But today we have many ‘races’, with what seem to be greatly differing features; the most obvious of these … "The Legacy of Noah's Sons." Noah's wife was not a believer with him so she did not join him; neither did one of Noah's sons, who was secretly a disbeliever but had pretended faith in front of Noah. The end of chapter 9 focuses on Noah's sons and one post-flood incident in the life of Noah. Ham means "hot" or "sunburnt." "The Legacy of Noah's Sons." Noah began to be a husbandman and he planted a vineyard. () 19 These were the three sons of Noah, and from them came the people who were scattered over the whole earth(20 Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded [] to plant a vineyard. A place thought to be in present-day Sudan. Events before the Genesis flood narrative, the central toledot, correspond to those after: the post-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the Genesis creation narrative, and Noah had three sons who populated the world. Mysia) and Thrace. It lists Elisa as an extra son of Japheth, giving him eight instead of seven, while continuing to list him also as a son of Javan, as in the Masoretic text. There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before the Deluge. [14], I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Table of Nations from Genesis, but edited to make clearer that the intention is to establish the background for Israel. Shem means "fame" or "name." 19 These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. The offspring of Shem inherited the Promised Land, displacing the Canaanites, the descendants of … Learn Religions. In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name, According to an ancient Jewish teaching in, A case study are the Bulgar tribes who, in the 7th-century, migrated to the lower courses of the rivers, A case in point is Bethuel the Aramean ("Syrian") in Gen. 25:20, who was called an "Aramean", not because he was descended from Aram, but because he lived in the country of the Aramaeans (Syrians). [102] Variants of this story with often similar names for Noah's fourth son are also found in the c. fifth century Ge'ez work Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (Barvin), the c. sixth century Syriac book Cave of Treasures (Yonton), the seventh century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (Ionitus[103]), the Syriac Book of the Bee 1221 (Yônatôn), the Hebrew Chronicles of Jerahmeel, c. 12th–14th century (Jonithes), and throughout Armenian apocryphal literature, where he is usually referred to as Maniton; as well as in works by Petrus Comestor c. 1160 (Jonithus), Godfrey of Viterbo 1185 (Ihonitus), Michael the Syrian 1196 (Maniton), Abu al-Makarim c. 1208 (Abu Naiţur); Jacob van Maerlant c. 1270 (Jonitus), and Abraham Zacuto 1504 (Yoniko). [79] Joktan begat Almodad, who measured the earth with ropes;[80] Sheleph, who drew out the waters of rivers;[81] and Hazarmaveth,[82] and Jerah,[83] and Hadoram,[84] and Uzal,[85] and Diklah,[86] and Obal,[87] and Abimael,[88] and Sheba,[84][89] and Ophir,[90] and Havilah,[91] and Jobab,[92] all of whom are the sons of Joktan.”[93] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10: 22–28. According to the Quran (Hud 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham and Japheth. [60] The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae,[61] and Hīndīqī,[62] Samarae,[63] Lūbae,[64] Zinğae,[65] while the sons of Mauretinos[66] are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ. Whose posterity were known as the "Hebrews", after the name of their forebear. Genesis 10:21 says Shem's older brother was Japheth; therefore, Shem had to be born in the middle, making Japheth the oldest. (2020, August 29). The blessed Creator knew that men would find solace at knowing these family pedigrees, since our soul demands of us to know them, so that [all of] mankind will be held in fondness by us, as a tree that has been planted by God in the earth, whose branches have spread out and dispersed eastward and westward, northward and southward, in the habitable part of the earth. [104], Genealogy of the sons of Noah and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood found in Genesis, "Table of Nations" redirects here. The offspring of Shem inherited the Promised Land, displacing the Canaanites, the descendants of Ham. After disembarking from the ark, Genesis reports, Noah planted a … These were the three sons of Noah, and from them came the people who were scattered over the earth. One of Ham's grandsons was Nimrod, a mighty hunter, king over Babel. Whenever the names of Noah’s three sons are recorded, Shem is always mentioned first (e.g., Genesis 9:18; 10:2, 21), even though Shem was the second-born (the Bible often lists people according to prominence rather than age). (Genesis 10:20, NIV). When the generations of Shem are mentioned, in Genesis 10:21, he is given two titles. And Noah began to be an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard: And he drank of the wine, and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent. English Standard Version The sons of Noah who went forth from the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. As Christianity spread across the Roman Empire, it carried the idea that all people were descended from Noah. Ham, Noah’s son, saw the nakedness of his … Brock notes that the earliest Greek texts of, Christianity spread across the Roman Empire, "Noah's Drunkenness, the Curse of Canaan", "A Comparative Commentary on the Earths Division", "Narrative Reiteration and Comparative Literature: Problems in Defining Dependency", Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generations_of_Noah&oldid=1017556894, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Articles to be expanded from February 2015, Articles with disputed statements from August 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [15], The Table of Nations is expanded upon in detail in chapters 8–9 of the Book of Jubilees, sometimes known as the "Lesser Genesis," a work from the early Second Temple period. From: best books (St. leonards on sea, United Kingdom) Seller Rating: Add to Basket £ 10. Japheth was the oldest (Genesis 10:21), … According to the monk Annio da Viterbo (1498), the Hellenistic Babylonian writer Berossus had mentioned 30 children born to Noah after the Deluge, including Macrus, Iapetus Iunior (Iapetus the Younger), Prometheus Priscus (Prometheus the Elder), Tuyscon Gygas (Tuyscon the Giant), Crana, Cranus, Granaus, 17 Tytanes (Titans), Araxa Prisca (Araxa the Elder), Regina, Pandora Iunior (Pandora the Younger), Thetis, Oceanus, and Typhoeus. Likewise, from the sons of Canaan: Heth, Jebus, and Amorus were derived Hittites, Jebusites, and Amorites. Scholars derived a variety of arrangements to make the table fit, with for example the Scythians, which do feature in the tradition, being claimed as the ancestors of much of northern Europe. He is the author of "Hope for Hurting Singles: A Christian Guide to Overcoming Life's Challenges.". A nation today is defined as "a large aggregate of people inhabiting a particular territory united by a common descent, history, culture, or language." However, when the sons are introduced in Genesis 6:10, the passage reads "Shem, Ham, and Japheth." ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:2–5, "The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and Miṣrayim,[52] and Fūṭ (Phut),[53] and Kenaʻan,[54] while the names of their diocese are Arabia, and Egypt, and Elīḥerūq[55] and Canaan. The Legacy of Noah's Sons. Zavada, Jack. Map of the Descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth (Click to Enlarge) The biblical line of descent is irrespective of language,[97] place of nativity,[98] or cultural influences, as all that is binding is one's patrilineal line of descent. 19 - These [are] the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. Possibly a region in Libya. This page was last edited on 13 April 2021, at 12:56. His name is generally associated with the biblical Raʻamah, and whose posterity were called. Based on an old Jewish tradition contained in the Aramaic Targum of pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel,[27] an anecdotal reference to the Origines gentium in Genesis 10:2–ff has been passed down, and which, in one form or another, has also been relayed by Josephus in his Antiquities,[28] repeated in the Talmud,[29] and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by Saadia Gaon,[30] Josippon,[31] and Don Isaac Abarbanel,[32] who, based on their own knowledge of the nations, showed their migratory patterns at the time of their compositions: "The sons of Japheth are Gomer,[33] and Magog,[34] and Madai,[35] and Javan,[36] and Tuval,[37] and Meshech[38] and Tiras,[39] while the names of their diocese are Africa proper,[40] and Germania,[41] and Media, and Macedonia, and Bithynia, and Moesia (var. As a result, Ham's descendants were cursed. It begins by elaborating that his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, were the ones who exited the Ark. The “youngest son” who mistreated Noah (Genesis 9:24) seems to be a reference to Ham, but another option is that it refers to Canaan, Noah’s youngest grandson. [2] Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, active c.520 BCE. Canaan, the son of Ham and grandson of Noah, settled in the area that would later become Israel, the territory God had promised to the Jews. These are the three sons of Noah: and of them was the whole earth overspread. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery. This was the first hint in the Bible that the Gentiles would also be blessed by the gospel of Jesus Christ. [8], Chapters 1–11 of the Book of Genesis are structured around five toledot statements ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth" is the fourth. 21 When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent. 17 The biblical account of the flood, Noah's three sons, and the episode of Noah's drunkenness is told in conventional terms earlier; that Yonṭon is specifically the fourth son is a natural deduction, even though he is only described as “the son of Noah” in the Syriac text (ed. Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. The Sons of Noah THE SONS OF NOAH PAGE CONTENTS. View what others have said about the sons of Noah! CCORDING to the Bible, all humans descended from Noah and his wife, his three sons and their wives, and before that from Adam and Eve (Genesis 1–11). Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard. Noah's sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives, accompanied Noah and his wife on the ark to escape the flood. These are the records of the generations of Noah. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are 70 names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain at Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. [77] Unto Eber were born two sons, the one named Peleg,[78] since in his days the [nations of the] earth were divided, while the name of his brother is Joktan. The children of Shem were Elam, Ashur, Arphaxad, Lud and Aram, in addition to daughters. (Ham was the father of Canaan.) Nimrod also built the ancient city of Nineveh, which later played a part in the story of Jonah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his time; Noah walked with God. Convert currency. Sebā is thought to have left his name to the town of. Along with this, man ought to contemplate also on the names of the countries and of the cities [wherein they settled]. But Ham had disrespected and violated their father by looking at his nakedness. 20 - And Noah began [to be] an husbandman, and he planted a vineyard: The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of Ptolemy II, who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE. 3 And the sons of Gomer; Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah. An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall "Book of Rolls" (part of Clementine literature) mentions Bouniter, the fourth son of Noah, born after the flood, who allegedly invented astronomy and instructed Nimrod. [17] Its division of the descendants throughout the world are thought to have been heavily influenced by the "Ionian world map" described in the Histories (Herodotus),[18] and the anomalous treatment of Canaan and Madai are thought to have been "propaganda for the territorial expansion of the Hasmonean state".[19]. They became known as the Canaanites. [72] [And the children of Aram are these: Uz,[73] and Hul,[74] and Gether,[75] and Mash. The issue is confusing because birth order is usually the same as the order of names listed in the Bible. [20] Its version of the Table of Nations is substantially the same as that in the Hebrew text, but with the following differences: In the First Epistle of Peter, 3:20, the author says that eight righteous persons were saved from the Great Flood, referring to the four named males, and their wives aboard Noah's Ark not enumerated elsewhere in the Bible. [76]] Now, Arphaxad begat Shelah (Salah), and Shelah begat Eber. [citation needed] Not all Near Eastern people were covered, and Northern European peoples important to the Late Roman and Medieval world, such as the Celtic, Slavic, Germanic, and Nordic peoples were not covered, nor were others of the world's peoples, such as sub-Saharan Africans, Native Americans, and peoples of Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, and Australasia. The term Hebrew, which originates from Eber, describes a people who came from the other side of the Euphrates River, from Haran. According to Irish mythology, as found in the Annals of the Four Masters and elsewhere, Noah had another son named Bith who was not allowed aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge. Likewise most of the people were disbelivers and did not go on board. Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham (Cham), and Japheth, but it is Ham and his lineage that settled Africa and various parts of Arabia. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. But Noah found favor in the eyes of the LORD. The sons of Noah who went forth from the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Genesis 10:1–2reads: The first of Noah’s grandsons mentioned is Gomer. It appears to be just a historical detail from the story about Noah and his sons, as described in the Bible book of Genesis. The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham and Japheth. [94] It is now recognized that determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is problematic, owing to the fact that nations are not stationary. Although that is the case, there is lots of evidence that Ham was not the only black son, but may have had black skin in common with Shem. "[67] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 10:6–7, "The sons of Shem are Elam,[68] and Ashur,[69] and Arphaxad,[70] and Lud,[71] and Aram. People are often multi-lingual and multi-ethnic, and people sometimes migrate from one country to another[95] - whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Noah imposed a curse upon Canaan, not Ham. Shem was probably listed first because it was from his line that the Messiah, Jesus Christ, descended. Calling a grandson a “son” is not uncommon in Scripture (cp. [99] For these reasons, attempting to determine precise blood relation of any one group in today's Modern Age may prove futile. [9] The number 70 also parallels a corruption of the account in the Hebrew religion, the Canaanite mythology, where 70 represents the number of gods in the divine clan who are each assigned a subject people, and where the supreme god El and his consort, Asherah, has the title "Mother/Father of 70 gods", which, due to the coming of monotheism, had to be changed, but its symbolism lived on in the new religion. Noah's son's names were Shem, Ham, and Japheth according to the book of Genesis. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/sons-of-noah-701191. Hardcover. https://www.learnreligions.com/sons-of-noah-701191 (accessed April 27, 2021). Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, and the Chronicon Bohemorum of Giovanni di Marignola (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod. He fathered the Semitic people, which included the Jews. Of the sons of Noah, Japheth's genealogical line is the least accounted for in Genesis. The Sons of Noah (Signed) Negley Farson. [100][dubious – discuss][better source needed]. Not identified. Three different themes may be traced in Genesis 9:20–27: first, the passage attributes the beginnings of agriculture, and in particular the cultivation of the vine, to Noah; second, it attempts to provide, in the persons of Noah’s three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, ancestors for three of the races of mankind and to account in some degree for their historic relations; and third, by its censure of Canaan, it offers a … The medieval Arab geographers gave the name, Mauretinos was the forebear of the Black Moors, from whom the region in North Africa bears its name. They had their believing wives with them. Biblically speaking, at this point, there are no other living humans on earth. Identifying human races in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity. Blessed by Noah along with Shem, he fathered seven sons: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. Descendents of Noah’s son Ham and his grandson Canaan, the non-Israelite inhabitants of the land of Canaan, are introduced to biblical narrative in Genesis shortly after the story of the flood. Illustration of Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth constructing the Ark as his wife calls chosen animals using shofar. Gibson, 36 line 9). Quantity available: 1. Learn Religions, Aug. 29, 2020, learnreligions.com/sons-of-noah-701191. Ham: Son of Noah. At first sight, the question why Noah cursed his son Ham doesn’t seem very relevant for Christians nowadays. Genesis... SHEM - … The Genesis flood narrative tells how Noah and his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth. Shem lived 600 years. 4 And the sons of Javan; Elishah, and Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. The term nations to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word "goyim", following the c. 400 CE Latin Vulgate's "nationes", and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today.[3]. A literal interpretation of Genesis 10 suggests that the present population of the world was descended from Noah's three sons: Signed. The list of 70 names introduces for the first time several well-known ethnonyms and toponyms important to biblical geography,[4] such as Noah's three sons Shem, Ham and Japheth, from which 18th century German scholars at the Göttingen School of History derived the race terminology Semites, Hamites and Japhetites. Ezra 5:1 and Zechariah 1:1). In at least one Arabic MS he is explicitly “the fourth son of Noah” (ed. The vineyard episode in Genesis 9 is fundamentally difficult. 2 The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. Bezold, 138, lines 6, 7). Zavada, Jack. God blesses Noah and his sons and tells them: "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth." Their descendants spread to the coastlands around the Mediterranean and lived in harmony with Shem's people. And so in Chapter 11 of Genesis, we are introduced to Abram, who left Haran to become Abraham, father of the Jewish nation, which produced the promised Savior, Jesus Christ. Ezekiel locates the early descendants of Gomer, along with When he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and lay uncovered inside his tent. According to the Bible the sons of Noah were Shem, Ham, and Japheth... these three sons of Noah represented the three great races of mankind. In addition, phenotypes cannot always be used to determine one's ethnicity because of interracial marriages. 18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham and Japheth. [13] Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and priestly revisions in the 5th century BCE. The early modern biblical division of the world's races into Semites, Hamites and Japhetites was coined at the Göttingen School of History in the late 18th century – in parallel with the color terminology for race which divided mankind into five colored races ("Caucasian or White", "Mongolian or Yellow", "Aethiopian or Black", "American or Red" and "Malayan or Brown"). When he was 500 years old, Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and it is those sons, along with their wives and Noah's wife, Naamah, who survived the flood and repopulated the Earth. (Ham was the father of Canaan. In addition, Nimrod does not appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists. These 3 sons of Noah were blessed with 16 sons. [12], The date of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be fixed with any precision, although it seems likely that an early brief nucleus was later expanded with extra data. Ham was the father of Canaan. But this story has been used to justify massive injustice towards certain human races, particularly black people. The sons of Kūš are Sebā[56] and Ḥawīlah[57] and Savtah[58] and Raʻamah and Savteḫā,[59] [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan]. Answer: Noah had three sons born to him, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, before God sent a flood to destroy the world (Genesis 5:32). [citation needed], The overall principle governing the assignment of various peoples within the Table is difficult to discern: it purports to describe all humankind, but in reality restricts itself to the Egyptian lands of the south, the Mesopotamian lands, and Anatolia/Asia Minor and the Ionian Greeks, and in addition, the "sons of Noah" are not organized by geography, language family or ethnic groups within these regions. It's logical to assume that Noah's three sons and perhaps their wives helped build the ark, which took over 100 years. "[7], Maimonides, echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing a principle of faith, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-thousand five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of beginning. Zavada, Jack. As a result, the descendants of Ham were cursed. “Unto Shem, also, the father of all the children of Eber, the brother of Japheth the elder, even to him was children born.” According to scripture, the brothers were born when Noah was 500 years old. SONS OF JAPHETHThe sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras. Lineage of Adam Through Ephraim in Historical Context, Lessons from the Biblical Story of Noah: A Righteous Man, The Story of Noah and the Flood Bible Study Guide, Meet Methuselah: The Oldest Man Who Ever Lived, A Profile of Abraham of the Jewish Nation, M.A., English Composition, Illinois State University, B.S., English Literature, Illinois State University. The chapter 9 of Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, says that Noah had three sons: Shem, Ham (the father of Canaan) and Japheth from whom the whole earth was populated. It also has the dual function of allowing us to see the multitude as a single individual, and the single individual as a multitude. It introduces the protagonists, Noah and his three sons, but then adds a parenthetical comment that Ham was the father of Canaan (9:18); since Click on a link to jump to that... JAPHETH - son of Noah. Scripture does not give the names of these wives, nor of Noah's wife. [16] Jubilees is considered pseudepigraphical by most Christian and Jewish denominations but thought to have been held in regard by many of the Church Fathers. Now, the sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz,[42] and Rifath[43] and Togarmah,[44] while the names of their diocese are Asia,[45] and Parthia and the ‘land of the barbarians.’ The sons of Javan were Elisha,[46] and Tarshish,[47] Kitim[48] and Dodanim,[49] while the names of their diocese are Elis,[50] and Tarsus, Achaia[51] and Dardania." Illustration of Mesopotamian King Nimrod standing near slaves constructing the Tower of Babel. Published by Harcourt, Brace And Company, USA (1949) Used. The above chart shows a table of God's dispersion of the nation's after they migrated from the Tower at Babel. Genesis 9:24 calls Ham Noah's youngest son. And the sons of Noah, that went forth of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth: and Ham is the father of Canaan. After the Flood, God purposed Noah's sons and their wives and offspring with the task of repopulating the world. Jack Zavada is a writer who covers the Bible, theology, and other Christianity topics. These three were the sons of Noah; and from these the whole earth was peopled. Later, when God rescued the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt, he ordered Joshua to wipe out the idolatrous Canaanites and take possession of the land. Everything changed after the Flood, as recorded in Genesis 9:20-27: Out of respect for their father, Shem and Japheth had covered his drunken nakedness, earning them Noah's blessing. Now, these 16 grandsons of Noah distributed around the world and spread in … Because of the traditional grouping of people based on their alleged descent from the three major biblical progenitors (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) by the three Abrahamic religions, in former years there was an attempt to classify these family groups and to divide humankind into three races called Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid (originally named "Ethiopian"), terms which were introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen School of History. On the family pedigrees contained in the biblical pericope of Noah, Saadia Gaon (882‒942) wrote: The Scriptures have traced the patronymic lineage of the seventy nations to the three sons of Noah, as also the lineage of Abraham and Ishmael, and of Jacob and Esau.
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